To GSHP or not to GSHP...
The lads at Measured are very keen on ground source heat pumps (GSHP) as the primary heat source for our new house. GSHP is a very promising technology that can, in the right climate, make very good environmental and economic sense. The challenge is the "in the right climate" part of that statement.
I was very keen on GSHP when they first suggested it, seeing the opportunity to one day take the house off the grid if photovoltaic solar comes down to a reasonable price. If you don't know how GSHP works, it's pretty simple. The ground around the house sits at a pretty even temperature (10-15 degrees C) all year round. GSHP takes advantage of that by taking heat from the earth in the winter and putting heat from the surface into the ground in the summer. The GSHP is a pump that pushes liquid through long pipes in the ground (either in a horizontal pattern close to the surface or in a vertical pattern going deep into the ground), and uses a heat exchange process to either heat or cool the house. There's lots of neat physics of heat exchange in the background but in general it's a straightforward process - and a really neat piece of environmentally-friendly technology.
Most GSHP units have a coefficient of performance (COP, which indicates the efficiency of the system) of between 2.5 and 4 - the higher the better. This is based on the fact that it takes less electricity to run the pump than it would take to heat the air in your home using normal electric resistance heating. In essence, with a COP of 3, you're getting three times the heat from the same amount of electricity. Pretty good, eh? The subtlety of GSHP is that if the differential in temperature between the ground and the liquid is small (or shrinks over time), the pump has to run more often to extract the same amount of heat from the ground - thus reducing the COP. And that's a challenge in a climate like Vancouver's where we have a fairly high heating load (we're still in Canada, after all) but very low cooling load in the summer because of our temperate seaside climate. By taking significant amounts of heat out of the ground but not replacing it in the summer, there's a good chance (unless there's an underground creek running by our house) that the ground will cool enough to significantly reduce the COP of the system within a few years. That's a big risk for a system that is costly to install and will need maintenance and care to keep it running in top form.
I think the right approach for our heating solution is to look at using a hydronic heating system (i.e., in-floor radiant heat) with a high-efficiency natural gas boiler. We can set aside an area of the yard for future GSHP vertical well drilling, in case our summer cooling load increases with climate change or the costs of gas go through the roof compared to electricity. A future GSHP could then hook into the hydronic system inside the house with no impact on the internals of the house (other than alterations to fit the GSHP unit). We'll have to talk this through with Clinton - he's probably a bit irritated that I'm writing this - but I've now had two building science nerds counsel us on this and I've done a bunch of side reading on the topic as well... I think the better place to put those dollars is into tightening up the building envellope and reducing our heating needs. But who knows, maybe I'll be posting a retraction in a few months and preaching the gospel of GSHP...
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